La opinión pública latinoamericana frente a la integración regional (1995–2018)
Autores
-
María Victoria Alvarez
Universidad Nacional de Rosario
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2203-5082
Resumo
La literatura sobre la oposición a la integración regional se ha centrado en la Unión Europea (UE). Muy pocos han sido los intentos para explicar la oposición a la integración en América Latina o para identificar los factores que la influyen. Este estudio está basado en encuestas Latinobarómetro, y produce dos hallazgos principales. Confirma que la oposición a la integración regional no es una actitud generalizada entre los latinoamericanos. Y la forma en que los ciudadanos de América Latina evalúan la integración regional está fuertemente influenciada por los mismos predictores que en la UE. Las evaluaciones de los ciudadanos sobre el desempeño económico, tanto a nivel individual como nacional, gozan de una preponderancia para dar cuenta de la opinión relativa al regionalismo. Otras variables, como la edad, la posición ideológica y el nivel de educación, tienen un valor explicativo más limitado, mientras que la ocupación no es significativa. De esta manera, las variables económicas, como la percepción de los ciudadanos sobre su economía nacional e individual, han demostrado estar directamente vinculadas al apoyo/oposición a la integración económica.
Palavras-chave:
Integración regional, Opinión pública, Oposición, América LatinaReferências
Alvarez, M.A. (2020). “Opposing Regional Integration in Comparative Perspective. Understanding Opposition of Public Opinion to Regional Integration in Europe and Latin America.” Sciences Po LIEPP Working Paper 107, March. Paris: Laboratoire interdisciplinaire d’évaluation des politiques publiques.
Barral Verna, Á.; Basco, A.I. & Garnero, P. (2020). “Entre luces y eclipses: la opinión de los latinoamericanos sobre democracia, instituciones e integración regional”. Technical Note No IDB-TN-1906, Buenos Aires: BID-INTAL.
Bargaoanu, A.; Radu, L. & Negrea-Busuioc, E. (2016). “The Rise of Euroscepticism in Time of Crisis: Evidence from the 2008–2013 Eurobarometers”. Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations. Vol. 16 no. 1, pp. 9-23.
Breslin, S. & Higgott, R. (2000). “Studying Regions: Learning from the Old, Constructing the New”. New Political Economy, Vol. 5 no. 3, November, pp. 333-352.
Crespy, A. & Verschueren, N. (2009) “From Euroscepticism to Resistance to European Integration: An Interdisciplinary Perspective”. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, Vol. 10 No.3, pp. 377-393.
Davis, Ch.; Gabel, M. & Coleman, K. (1998). “Citizen Response to Regional Integration in the Americas: The Cases of Costa Rica and El Salvador”. Studies in Comparative International Development Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 88–109.
Deflem, M. & Pampel, F. (1996). “The Myth of Postnational Identity: Popular Support for European Unification”. Social Forces, Vol 75 No. 1, pp. 119–143.
Deutschmann, E. & Minkus, L. (2018). “Swinging Leftward: Public Opinion on Economic and Political Integration in Latin America, 1997–2010”. Latin American Research Review, Vol 53 No.1, pp. 38–56.
De Wilde, P. & Zürn, M. (2012). “Can the Politicization of European Integration be Reversed?”. Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 50, no. s1, pp. 137-153.
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) (2020), Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2019 (LC/PUB.2020/2-P), Santiago.
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) (2019). Social Panorama of Latin America, 2018 (LC/PUB.2019/3-P), Santiago.
Eichenberg, R. & Dalton, R. (1993). “Europeans and the European Community: The Dynamics of Public Support for European Integration”. International Organization Vol. 47 No.4, pp. 507–534.
Estrades, C. (2006). “Opinión pública y MERCOSUR: Conocimiento y apoyo de los uruguayos al proceso de integración regional”. Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política No. 15, pp. 107–127.
Flood, Ch. (2002, September). Euroscepticism: A Problematic Concept. Paper presented at the UACES 32nd Annual Conference and 7th Research Conference, Queen’s University Belfast.
Franklin, M.; Van der Eijk, C. & Marsh, M. (1995). “Referendum Outcome and Trust in Government: Public Support for Europe in the Wake of Maastricht”. West European Politics Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 101–7
Gabel, M. (1998). “Public Support for European Integration: An Empirical Test of Five Theories”. The Journal of Politics, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 333–354.
Gabel, M. & Palmer, H. (1995). “Understanding Variation in Public Support for European Integration”. European Journal of Political Research, No. 27, pp. 3–19.
Gabel, M. & Whitten, G. (1997). “Economic Conditions, Economic Perceptions, and Public Support for European Integration”, Political Behavior Vol. 19, No. 1, The Economics of Politics in Comparative Perspective Revisited, March, pp. 81-96.
Genna, G.M. (2009) Positive country images, trust and public support for European integration. Comparative European Politics, no. 7, pp. 213–232.
Grugel, J. (2006). “Regionalist governance and transnational collective action in Latin America”. Economy and Society, Vol. 35 No. 2, pp. 209-231.
Guerra, S. (2018). “Young People and the EU at Times of Crisis” in: Leruth, B.; Startin, N. & Usherwood, S. (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Euroscepticism. Abingdon/New York: Routledge, pp. 204-214.
Hix, S. (2007). “Euroscepticism as Anti-Centralization A Rational Choice Institutionalist Perspective”. European Union Politics, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 131–150.
Hooghe, L. & Marks, G. (2008). “A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus”. British Journal of Political Science, No. 39, pp. 1-23.
Hooghe, L. & Marks, G. (2005). “Calculation, Community and Cues. Public Opinion on European Integration”. European Union Politics, Vol 6 No. 4, pp. 419–443.
Hooghe, L. & Marks, G. (2004). “Does Identity or Economic Rationality Drive Public Opinion on European Integration?”. Political Science and Politics, Vol. 37 No. 3, pp. 415-420.
Hobolt, S. & Wratil, Ch. (2015). “Public opinion and the crisis: the dynamics of support for the euro”. Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 22 No.2, pp. 238-256.
Hurrell, A. (1995). Regionalism in theoretical perspective. in Fawcett, L. & Hurrell, A. (eds.), Regionalism in world politics. Regional organization and international order. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Inglehart, R. (1970a). “Cognitive Mobilization and European Identity”. Comparative Politics, Vol 3 No. 1, pp. 45–70. Inglehart, R. (1970b). “Public opinion and regional integration”, International Organization, Vol 24 No.4, pp. 764–795.
Inglehart, R.; Rabier, J-R. & Reif, K. (1987). “The evolution of public attitudes toward European integration: 1970–1986”. Journal of European Integration, Vol. 10, No. 2-3, pp. 135-155.
Jara Ibarra, C. (2014). “Public support for Latin American integration: an econometric model for the assessment of individual and contextual factors”. Estudios Internacionales, No. 179, pp. 35-60
Katz, R. (2008). Euroscepticism in Parliament: A Comparative Analysis of the European and National Parliaments, in Szczerbiak, A. & Taggart, P. (eds.), Opposing Europe? The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism Volume 2 Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 151-180.
Leconte, C. (2010). Understanding Euroscepticism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Leruth, B.; Startin, N. & Usherwood, S. (2018). “Defining Euroscepticism. From a broad concept to a field of study”, in
Leruth, B.; Startin, N. & Usherwood, S. (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Euroscepticism. Abingdon/New York: Routledge, pp. 3-10
Lindberg, L. & Scheingold, S. (eds.) (1970). Regional Integration: Theory and Research. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Magaloni, B. & Romero, V. (2008). “Partisan Cleavages, State Retrenchment, and Free Trade: Latin America in the 1990s”. Latin American Research Review No. 43, pp. 107-135.
Malamud, A. (2003). Presidentialism and MERCOSUR: A Hidden Cause for a Successful Experience, in Finn Laursen (eds.), Comparative Regional Integration: Theoretical Perspectives, pp 53-73. London: Ashgate.
Malamud, A. (2010, July). Conceptos, teorías y debates sobre la integración regional, presented at the V Congreso Latinoamericano de Ciencia Política (ALACIP), Buenos Aires.
McLaren, L. (2006). Identity, Interests and Attitudes to European Integration. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
McLaren, L. (2007). Explaining Mass-Level Euroscepticism: Identity, Interests, and Institutional Distrust. Acta Política, no. 42, pp. 233-251.
Rivarola Puntigliano, A. (2013). “Geopolitics and Integration: A South American Perspective”, in Rivarola Puntigliano, A. & Briceño Ruiz, J. (eds.), Resilience of Regionalism in Latin America and the Caribbean. Development and Autonomy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 19-52.
Rivarola Puntigliano, A. & Briceño-Ruiz, J. (2013). “Introduction: Regional Integration – Linking Past and Present”, in Rivarola Puntigliano, A. & Briceño Ruiz, J. (eds.), Resilience of Regionalism in Latin America and the Caribbean. Development and Autonomy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-18.
Sanahuja, J.A. (2017). “Beyond the Pacific-Atlantic divide: Latin American regionalism before a new cycle”, in Briceño-Ruiz, J. & Morales, I. (eds.). Post-Hegemonic Regionalism in the Americas. Toward a Pacific–Atlantic Divide?. Abingdon/New York: Routledge, pp. 99-124
Schneider, S. & Hurrelmann, A. (2015). “Understanding the Legitimacy of Regional Integration: A Comparative and Mixed-Method Perspective”, in Hurrelmann, A. & Schneider, S., The Legitimacy of Regional Integration in Europe and the Americas. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-16.
Seligson, M.A. (1999). “Popular Support for Regional Economic Integration in Latin America”. Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 129-150.
Söderbaum, F. (2013). “What’s wrong with Regional Integration? The Problem of Eurocentrism”. RSCAS 2013/64 Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Global Governance Programme-63, Fiesole: European University Institute.
Söderbaum, F. (2009). “Comparative Regional Integration and Regionalism”, in Landman, T. & Robinson, N. (eds.), SAGE Handbook of Comparative Politics. Thousand Oaks: SAGE, pp. 477-496.
Stiller Titchener, K. (2010). The Viability of South American Regional Integration: Bolivian National Identity in the Integration Process. PhD diss., Oklahoma State University.
Van Klaveren, A. (2018). “El eterno retorno del regionalismo latinoamericano”. Nueva Sociedad n° 275, pp. 62-72.
Vasilopoulou, S. (2013). “Continuity and Change in the Study of Euroscepticism: Plus ça change?” Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol 51 No. 1, pp. 153–168.
Warleigh-Lack, A. & Van Langenhove, L. (2010) “Rethinking EU Studies: The Contribution of Comparative Regionalism”. Journal of European Integration, Vol 32 No.6, pp. 541-562
Zizumbo-Colunga, D. & Seligson, M.A. (2015). “Economic Evaluations and Support for Free Trade in Latin America and the Caribbean”, in Hurrelmann, A. & Schneider, S. (eds.), The Legitimacy of Regional Integration in Europe and the Americas. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 117-131.
Twitter