La cooperación internacional del Japón para América Latina y el Caribe en el cambiante panorama del desarrollo
Autores/as
-
Carlos David Zavarce Velasquez
Universidad de Tohoku
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8008-175X
Resumen
Japón es un contribuyente proactivo a la cooperación para el desarrollo, ubicándose entre los mayores donantes de la OCDE. Latinoamérica y el Caribe han sido receptores tradicionales de la AOD del Japón debido a sus relaciones de larga data. Sin embargo, los intereses de EE.UU., y recientemente el ascenso de China, han influenciado la AOD del Japón para la región. Este artículo estudia cómo la influencia de los intereses estadounidense y el ascenso de China como donante no tradicional, han desafiado la cooperación del Japón en Latinoamérica y el Caribe durante este siglo. Debido a que esta es una investigación hermenéutica, los documentos analizados fueron seleccionados con base en criterios de impacto, y los contenidos se agruparon siguiendo un orden cronológico. Los hallazgos develan que, aunque la AOD del Japón ha estado influenciada, en algunos períodos, por lineamientos preestablecidos de los EE.UU.; en otros casos, esta se ha basado en reinterpretaciones diferentes. Esta dinámica se materializa en ideas y conceptos que tienen el interés nacional del Japón como principio fundamental y se traducen en diversas estrategias de AOD para la región. Los enfoques del Japón para enfrentar el contexto global y regional traen consigo un debate estratégico sobre cómo los elementos que caracterizan su AOD fueron adaptados en el período de estudio. Este debate aún está en desarrollo y permite a la AOD del Japón no perder su identidad. Así, aunque China haya tomado el liderazgo en algunas iniciativas para el desarrollo en Latinoamérica y el Caribe, los elementos centrales de la AOD del Japón para la región mantienen su vigencia.
Palabras clave:
Japón, Cooperación para el Desarrollo, Asistencia Oficial para el Desarrollo (AOD), Ayuda externa, América Latina y el CaribeReferencias
Alvaro, M. & Minay, E. (January 8, 2015). “China boosts support for Latin leftists.” Wall Street Journal, URL: https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelas-maduro-announces-20-billion-in-new-bilateral-agreements-with-china-1420656259#:~:text=China%20has%20increased%20its%20diplomatic,University's%20Global%20Economic%20Governance%20Initiative. Accessed March 23rd, 2021.
Asplund, A. & Soderberg, M. (2017). Japanese Development Cooperation: The Making of an Aid Architecture Pivoting to Asia. Routledge.
Baker McKenzie. (2020). “China’s Bri & Latin America: A New Wave of Investments?”. GRIE News and reports. 1-13.
Chada, A. (2021). “Japan Aims tor Greater Engagement in Latin America”. The Diplomat. Tokyo, Japan.
Dollar, D. (2017). “China’s Investment in Latin America”. ORDER from CHAOS Foreign Policy in a Troubled World. Geoeconomics and Global Issues Paper 4. Foreign Policy at Brookings. 1-21.
Domínguez, J. & Fernández de Castro, R. (2016). Contemporary U.S.-Latin American Relations: Cooperation or Conflict in the 21st Century?. Routledge. New York.
Dussel Peters, E. (2021). Dossier: The China-Latin American and Caribbean Relations. Latin American Studies Association. 25-29.
Ellis, R. (2012). “The United States, Latin America and China: A ‘Triangular Relationship?”. Inter-American Dialogue Working Paper. Washington D.C. 1-14.
Embajada del Japón en Colombia (2019). Cooperación de Japón en Colombia. Bogota.
Embajada del Japón en Venezuela (2020). Asistencia Financiera No Reembolsable para Proyectos Comunitarios de Seguridad Humana. Caracas. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. URL: https://www.ve.emb-japan.go.jp/files/100116280.pdf. Accessed April 1st, 2021
Embajada del Japón en Costa Rica (2021). Política de Asistencia de la Cooperación
Japonesa para Costa Rica. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. URL: https://www.cr.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_es/00_000070.html. Accessed August26th, 2021.
Esteban, M. & Pérez, A. (2017). “Chinese financing of Latin American development: Competition or complementarity with traditional donors?”, in Eckart Woertz (ed.), Reconfiguration of the Global South: Africa, Latin America and the Asian Century. Nueva York: Routledge: 217-236. ISBN: 978-1-85743-863-5.
European Union (2020). Donors Conference in solidarity with Venezuelan refugees and migrants in countries in the region, amid the COVID-19 pandemic. URL: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/79328/donors-conference-solidarity-venezuelan-refugees-and-migrants-countries-region-amid-covid-19_en. Accessed March 8th, 2022.
Gallagher, K. & Irwin, A. (2015). “China's Economic Statecraft in Latin America: Evidence from China's Policy Banks”. Public Affairs, 99-121.
Gallagher, K. & Myers, M. (2021) "China-Latin America Finance Database". Washington: Inter-American Dialogue.
García, G. (2020). “A review of China's and Japan's international engagement in South America: the cases of Brazil, Chile and Venezuela”. Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO. Japan.
Gélvez Rubio, T.A. & Gachúz Maya, J.C. (2020). "Current trends in China's international development cooperation to Latin America: potential opportunities and challenges with the belt and road initiative". Asian Education and Development Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-08-2019-0125
Gisbert, J. & Panes, J. (2009). “Scientific publication, bibliometric indicators, and Hirsch's h-index”. Gastroenterología y Hepatología. Volume 32, Issue 3, pages 137-260. Madrid.
Gurganus, J. (2018). “Russia: Playing a Geopolitical Game in Latin America”. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. URL: https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/05/03/russia-playing-geopolitical-game-in-latin-america-pub-76228. Accessed March 9th, 2022.
Harris, R. & Arias, A. (2016). “China’s South–South Cooperation with Latin America and the Caribbean”. California State University, Monterey Bay. 1-40.
Hiroshi, K.; Shimomura, Y. & Page, J. eds. (2016). Japan’s Development Assistance: Foreign Aid and the Post-2015 Agenda. Palgrave/Macmillan.
Inter-American Development Bank (2013). “Japan and Latin America and the Caribbean: Building a Sustainable Transpacific Relationship”.
Japan International Cooperation Agency (2018). “‘Viva Latin America! Deepening Ties With Japan' Vol.1: Japanese Emigrants Pioneered Japan's International Cooperation a Century Ago”. URL: https://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/field/2018/180615_01.html Accessed August 26th, 2021.
Japan International Cooperation Agency (2020). JICA Volunteer Program: Leading the world with trust. Japan.
Japan International Cooperation Agency (2021). Japan's ODA and JICA. URL: https://www.jica.go.jp/english/about/oda/index.html Accessed July 28th, 2021.
Jörn, D. & Goodman, D. (2012). “China and Latin America: Complementarity, Competition, and Globalisation”. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 41, 1, 3-19.
Jung, T. (2021). “A new cycle in Euro-Latin American cooperation: shared values and interests”. Documento de Trabajo 47. Fundación Carolina.
Kahn, T. (2016). A Virtuous Cycle of Integration: the Past, Present and Future of Japan-Latin America and the Caribbean Relations. Inter-American Development Bank.
Katada, S. (1997). “Two aid hegemons: Japanese-US interaction and aid allocation to Latin America and the Caribbean”. World Development, vol. 25, issue 6, 931-945.
Katada, S. (2020). Japan's New Regional Reality: Geoeconomic Strategy in the Asia-Pacific. Columbia University Press.
Keohane, R. & Nye, J. (1989). Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition.
Little Brown. Boston.
Kragelund, P. (2019). South-South Development. Routledge.
Lancaster, C. (2007). Foreign Aid: Diplomacy, Development, Domestic Policy. The University of Chicago Press. 110-142.
Lum, T.; Fischer, H.; Gomez-Granger, J. & Leland, A. (2009). “China’s Foreign Aid Activities in Africa, Latin America, and South East Asia”. Congressional Research Service.
Llorente, J. & Vallejo, C. (2021). “Latin America in the light of the United States and China. Where does Europe fit?”. IDEAS LLYC. Madrid.
Maggiorelli, L. (2017). “Chinese Aid to Latin America and the Caribbean: Evolution and Prospects”. Revista Internacional de Cooperacion y Desarrollo. ELACID. 28–50.
Malena, J. (2021). “The Extension of the Digital Silk Road to Latin America: Advantages and Potential Risks”. Council on Foreign Relations. Brazilian Center for International Relations.
McKelvey, C. (2014). “China-CELAC cooperation”. Global Learning – Encounter the Third World in Cuba. Havana.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2014). Japan’s Official Development Assistance White Paper 2014. Japan.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2022). Development Cooperation of Japan. URL: https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda/files/100161805.pdf. Accessed March 10th, 2022.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2021). Japan’s Initiative to Enhance Connectivity between Japan-LAC. URL: https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000484994.pdf. Accessed August 26th, 2021.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.(2020). Free Trade Agreement (FTA) / Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) and Related Initiatives. URL: https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/fta/index.html. Accessed August 26th, 2021.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2020). White Paper on Development Cooperation. Japan.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2020). Emergency Grant Aid to displaced people in neighboring countries of Venezuela. URL: https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press4e_002764.html. Accessed March 8th, 2022.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2019). White Paper on Development Cooperation. Japan.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2018). White Paper on Development Cooperation. Japan.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2017). White Paper on Development Cooperation. Japan.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2016). White Paper on Development Cooperation. Japan.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2015). Japan's Official Development Assistance Charter. Japan.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2015). White Paper on Development Cooperation. Japan.
Miyashita, A. (2001). “Consensus or compliance? Gaiatsu, interest, and Japan’s Foreign Aid”, in Miyashita, A and Sato, Y. Japanese foreign policy in Asia and the Pacific: domestic interests, American pressure, and regional integration. Palgrave. New York. 37-61
Myers, M. & Wise, C. (2016). The Political Economy of China–Latin America Relations in the New Millennium. Routledge.
Myers, M. & Kuwayama, M. (2016). “A New Phase in Japan Latin America and the Caribbean Relations”. The Dialogue Leadership for the Americas. 1-16.
Myers, M.; García Montenegro, G. & Quinn, J. (2021). “Japan’s Role in LAC’s Covid-19 Recovery”. The Dialogue. URL: https://www.thedialogue.org/analysis/japans-role-in-lacs-covid 19. Accesed January 13th, 2021.
Nedopil, C. (2021). “Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative”. IIGF Green BRI Center. Beijing.
Nugent, C. & Campell, C. (2021). “The U.S. and China Are Battling for Influence in Latin America, and the Pandemic Has Raised the Stakes”. Time. February 4 2021. URL: https://time.com/5936037/us-china-latin-america-influence/. Accessed March 25th, 2021.
Ogata, S. (2002). Watakushi no shigoto : Kokuren Nanmin Kōtō Benmukan no jūnen to heiwa no kōchiku. Tokyo, Sōshisha.
Okabe, Y.; Shiratori, S. & Suda, K. (2019). “What Motivates Japan’s International Volunteers? Categorizing Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCVs)”. International Society for Third-Sector Research. Springer.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2020). "Japan", in Development Co-operation Profiles, OECD Publishing, Paris.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2021). “COVID-19 spending helped to lift foreign aid to an all-time high in 2020”. Paris. 1-12.
Orr Jr, R. (1990). The Emergence of Japan`s Foreign Aid Power. Columbia University Press. New York.
Otero, G. (2021). “The China–Latin America and Caribbean Relation: Introduction”. In Dussel Peters, E. . Dossier: The China-Latin American and Caribbean Relations. Latin American Studies Association. 22-24.
Potter, D. (2015). “Changing Roles for Japan's Official Development Assistance in Latin America and the Caribbean. Nanzan University.
Potter, D. (2012). “Japan’s Official Development Assistance”. Nanzan University.
Ramani, S. (2021). “Russia Returns to Latin America”. RUSI. URL: https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/russia-returns-latin-america. Accessed March 9th, 2022.
Ray, R.; Albright, Z. & Wang, K. (2021). “China- Latin America Economic Bulletin”. Global Development Policy Center. Boston University.
Serbin, A. (2021). “América Latina: Pandemia, desigualdad y disputas geopolíticas”. In Dussel Peters, E. . Dossier: The China-Latin American and Caribbean Relations. Latin American Studies Association. 35-38.
Stallings, B. (2016). “Chinese Foreign Aid to Latin America: Winning Friends and Influencing People?” In Margaret Myers and Carol Wise, eds. The Political Economy of China-Latin American Relations in the New Millennium. New York: Routledge
Stuenkel, O. (2021). “Vaccine Diplomacy Boosts China’s Standing in Latin America”. Foreign Policy.
The State Council of the People’s Republic of China (2016). China’s Policy Paper on Latin America and the Caribbean. Beijing.
The White House (2021). U.S.- Japan Joint Leaders’ Statement: “U.S. – JAPAN GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW ERA”. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/16/u-s-japan-joint-leadersstatement-u-s-japan-global-partnership-for-a-new-era/. Accessed: March 8th, 2022.
The White House (2016). “FACT SHEET: Peace Colombia - A New Era of Partnership between the United States and Colombia”. URL: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/02/04/fact-sheet-peace-colombia-new-era-partnership-between-united-states-and. Accessed: March 8th, 2022.
Tsunekawa, K. (2014). “Objectives and Institutions for Japan’s Official Development Assistance (ODA): Evolution and Challenges”. JICA Research Institute.
Tuman, J.; Emmert, C. & Sterken, R. (2001). “Explaining Japanese Aid Policy in Latin America: A Test of Competing Theories”. Political Research Quarterly Vol. 54, No. 1 (Mar., 2001), pp. 87-101
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2019). “Donación del Gobierno de Japón fortalece la protección de personas procedentes de Venezuela y sus comunidades de acogida en
Brasil”. URL: https://www.acnur.org/noticias/press/2019/6/5d045d7d4/donacion-del-gobierno-de-japon-fortalece-la-proteccion-de-personas-procedentes.html. Accessed March 8th, 2022.
USAID (2021). “Venezuela Regional Crisis – Complex Emergency”. URL: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2021_09_24_USG_Venezuela_Regional_Crisis_Response_Fact_Sheet_4.pdf. Accessed March 8th, 2022.
U.S. Department of State (2022). “Readout of the High-Level Coordination Meeting on Venezuela”. URL: https://www.state.gov/readout-of-the-high-level-coordination-meeting-on-venezuela/ Accessed March 8th, 2022.
Wilson Center (2021). “Aid from China and the U.S. to Latin America Amid the COVID-19 Crisis”.
Twitter